When an athlete complains about shin splints (tibial stress syndrome) they're referring to a pain in the front of the lower leg between the knee and ankle, or shin. Athletes that over train without properly conditioning and warming up their muscles will often cause micro tears in the tendons and muscles, or bone fractures in the calf region.  These injuries result in painful inflammation.

Shin splints seem to occur mostly among inexperienced runners who fail to stretch and warm-up in the proper manner prior to activity.  However, anyone engaging in high-impact sports can experience the pain that comes with shin-splints.  

Shin splints aren't really a single medical condition. Instead, they're just a symptom of an underlying problem. They might be caused by:

• Irritated and swollen muscles, often caused by overuse.

• Stress fractures, which are tiny, hairline breaks in the lower leg bones.

• Overpronation or ''flat feet" -- when the impact of a step causes the arch of your foot to collapse, stretching the muscles and tendons.

Shin splints are very common. They're the cause of 13% of all running injuries. Runners might get them after ramping up their workout intensity, or changing the surface they run on -- like shifting from a dirt path to asphalt. Shin splints are also common in dancers.

Symptoms

Whether you jog daily or just had to sprint to catch a bus one day, you may have shin splints when you feel throbbing and aching in your shins. While they often heal on their own, severe shin splints can ruin your game.  Shin splints cause dull, aching pain in the front of the lower leg. Some people feel it only during exercise; others, when they've stopped exercising. Sometimes, the pain is constant.

Depending on the exact cause, the pain may be located along either side of the shinbone or in the muscles. The area may be painful to the touch. Swollen muscles can sometimes irritate the nerves in the feet, causing them to feel weak or numb.

To diagnose shin splints, your doctor will give you a thorough physical exam. He or she may want to see you run to look for problems. You may also need X-rays or bone scans to look for fractures. Other tests are sometimes necessary.

Treatment

Although shin splints may be caused by different problems, treatment is usually the same: Rest your body so the underlying issue heals. Here are some other things to try:

• Icing the shin to reduce pain and swelling. Do it for 20-30 minutes every three to four hours for two to three days, or until the pain is gone.

• Anti-inflammatory painkillers. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),like ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin, will help with pain and swelling. However, these drugs can have side effects, like an increased risk of bleeding and ulcers. They should be used only occasionally unless your doctor specifically says otherwise.

• Arch supports for your shoes. These orthotics -- which can be custom-made or bought off the shelf -- may help with flat feet.

• Range of motion exercises, if your doctor recommends them.

• Neoprene sleeve to support and warm the leg.
  Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles in your shins.

In rare cases, surgery is needed for severe stress fractures and other problems that can cause shin splints.

Prevention

• Always wear shoes with good support and padding.

• Warm up before working out, making sure to stretch the muscles in your legs... especially the calves.  Some slow ankle rotations will warm up the shins and help prevent shin splints.

• Stop working out as soon as you feel pain in your shins.

• Don't run or play on hard surfaces like concrete.

• Avoid Overtraining